Articular cartilage is composed of chondrocytes embedded within an exquisitely organized extracellular matrix of collagen and proteoglycans. As you explore our site, you will find many ways in which Articular Engineering can become your valuable research partner. Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in many parts of the body. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. • Is deep to the basal layer and separates the true articular cartilage from the deeper cartilage that is a remnant of the cartilage anlage, which participated in endochondral ossification during longitudinal growth in childhood. Cartilage support of other tissues throughout the respiratory tract is also prominent. Articular cartilage contains a relatively small number of chondrocytes. Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant type of cartilage. Hyaline Articular Cartilage. Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. Articular cartilage plays a vital role in joint morphology. Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection 25. Start studying Histology - Cartilage and Bone. Cartilage is a strong, flexible and semi-rigid supporting tissue. Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints and nerves, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components.It is not as hard and rigid as bone, but it is much stiffer and much less flexible than muscle. Articular cartilage, a metabolically active tissue, has viscoelastic properties and is composed of chondrocytes (approximately 1%) and an extracellular matrix that consists mainly of water (65% to 80%), proteoglycan, and collagen. Elastic cartilage - elastic fibers and type II collagen; Fibrocartilage - type I and II collagens; Cartilage is avascular and its cells rely on diffusion for nutrients. This is a preview of subscription content, Huber M, Trattnig S, Lintner F (2000) Anatomy, biochemistry, and physiology of articular cartilage. Following an intra-articular fracture, in addition to mechanical disruption and cartilage necrosis, the following inflammatory cytokines are released, contributing to articular damage and the eventual development of post-traumatic arthritis: occurs when laceration travels through tidemark and penetrates subchondral bone, fibrocartilage produced by undifferentiated marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Hyaline Cartilage. Which of the following zones has been shown to contain articular cartilage progenitor cells? ; Elastic - is found in the external ear, epiglottis and larynx. o Hyaline cartilage on its free surface, always covered with fibro-vascular membrane called perichondrium. is not surrounded by a perichondrium and is partly vascularised. It is made up of cells called chondroblasts and chondrocytes, (chondro - cartilage) and extracellular matrix, made up about 10% aggrecan, 75% water, and a … The most common is some degree of osteoarthrosis or chondromalacia. transforms the articulating ends of the bones into lubricated, wear-proof, slightly compressible surfaces, which exhibit very little friction. Articular cartilage pathology in the shoulder can present in many scenarios. Cartilage histology Understanding the MR appearance of normal articular cartilage requires some appreciation of the underlying histology. Which of the following biochemical changes are common to both aging cartilage and osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage? a. Hyaline cartilage b. Elastic cartilage c. Fibrocartilage d. All of the above e. None of the above. For example, a mouse hind limb should be dissected well, leaving as little remaining soft and connective tissue as possible. It can withstand compression forces, and yet it can bend. Hyaline cartilage has a “glassy” appearance and can be found on many articular surfaces as well as cartilage that provides structural support. It is made up of cells called chondroblasts and chondrocytes, (chondro - cartilage) and extracellular matrix, made up about 10% aggrecan, 75% water, and a mix of collagen fibres and other constituents. Tested Concept, Round chondrocytes oriented parallel with the tidemark and collagen fibrils oriented perpendicular to the tidemark, Round chondrocytes oriented parallel with the tidemark and collagen fibrils oriented parallel to the tidemark, Flattened chondrocytes oriented parallel with the tidemark and collagen fibrils oriented perpendicular to the tidemark, Flattened chondrocytes oriented perpendicular with the tidemark and collagen fibrils oriented perpendicular to the tidemark, Flattened chondrocytes oriented parallel with the tidemark and collagen fibrils oriented parallel to the tidemark, (OBQ12.93) This slide shows a special type of hyaline cartilage, articular cartilage. Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding hyaline cartilage (with the exception of articular cartilage). All the best! Unphysiologic stress, however, can cause degeneration of the cartilaginous tissue as well as the subchondral bone and lead to osteoarthritis. Which of the following best describes the appearance of chondrocytes and orientation of collagen fibrils in the superficial zone of articular cartilage? While the intricate ultrastructure of articular cartilage is critical for proper function, these same properties create challenges for cartilage restoration. The fibrocartilage has great tensile strength. Articular Cartilage is a specialised form of hyaline cartilage. 7. Articular cartilage serves a vital role in maintaining joint function by minimising friction and distributing load. Each zone possesses attri … Last reviewed: October 29, 2020. 3. costal cartilage) o Perichondrium consists of two layers. The present study clearly demonstrates multisite, multispecies differences in normal weight-bearing articular cartilage, which can be objectively quantified by a common digital histology imaging technique. The surface of hyaline cartilage is surrounded by the perichondrium, a transitional zone between cartilage and the surrounding connective tissue, but articular cartilage lacks the perichondrium. Which type of cartilage forms the articular surface on bones? Hyaline cartilage is the most widespread cartilage and found in the nose, larynx, trachea, bronchus, ribs, and articular surfaces of bones. Answer: a. Hyaline cartilage forms the articular surface on bones. The answer is E: Articular cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage. It can bend a bit, but resists stretching. articular cartilage) and where cartilage makes direct contact with bone (i.e. Multitudes of treatments have been devised for this problem, but no satisfactory long-term solutions have been established. Thus, matrix also plays a role in recording a loading history of the articular cartilage. Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that adapts to the pushing and pulling required for mechanical movement. In its fresh state, it is homogeneous and semi-transparent. Summary. Articular cartilage serves as a load-bearing elastic material that is responsible for the frictionless movement of the surfaces of articulating joints. Summary. Histology of articular cartilage zones. Functions of hyaline articular cartilage. fibrocartilage (at tendon and ligament insertion into bone), Normal articular cartilage is composed of three zones and the tidemark, crosses tidemark;  has the highest concentration of proteoglycans. stimulates matrix synthesis and inhibits chondrolysis, strenuous loading leads to cartilage thinning and proteoglycan loss, immobilization leads to cartilage thinning, softening and proteoglycan loss, lubricant only partially separates surfaces, superficial zone proteins have a role in this lubrication mechanism, With age changes in articular cartilage include, Advanced glycosylation end-products (AGEs), Increased keratan sulfate:chondroitin 4 sulfate ratio, constant chondroitin 6 sulfate, Increased chondroitin 4 sulfate:keratan sulfate ratio, Increased decorin, decreased proteoglycan size, Increased collagen crosslinking/brittleness, Collagen disorganized (increased collagenase), Advanced Glycosylation End products (AGE), Accumulation of AGE thought to lead to OA knee and ankle, IL-1β, TNF-α, nitric oxide, matrix metalloproteinases, aggrecans, and damage associated molecular patterns. The specialized matrix of the elastic cartilage has flexibility and the ability to retain its original shape after an applied force. 1 Citations; 1.5k Downloads; Abstract. Thus, matrix also plays a role in recording a loading history of the articular cartilage. This repair cartilage has diminished resiliency, stiffness, poor wear characteristics, and the predilection for arthritis. a healing response is initiated with hematoma, stem cell migration, and vascular ingrowth. Articular cartilage is the highly specialized connective tissue of diarthrodial joints. (a) There are three types of adult cartilage distributed in many areas of the skeleton, particularly in joints and where pliable support is useful, as in the ribs, ears, and nose. There are four types of cartilage: hyaline, articular, elastic and fibrocartilage. Welcome to Articular Engineering, the leading supplier of customized orthopaedic cells and tissue cultures to pharmaceutical, biotechnology and research organizations. It also is different as it has type I and II collagen in its matrix whereas hyaline has only type II. Articular cartilage serves a vital role in maintaining joint function by minimising friction and distributing load. Conclusions. Provides a low-friction gliding surface. Unlike most hyaline cartilage, articular hyaline cartilage does not have a perichondrium on either surface.. Free (articular) Surface - exposed to synovial fluid within the joint. Hyaline Cartilage. Fibro- is found in invertebral discs, joint capsules, ligaments. Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints and nerves, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components.It is not as hard and rigid as bone, but it is much stiffer and much less flexible than muscle. 8. It can withstand compression forces, and yet it can bend. Articular Cartilage Subchondral Bone Cartilage Defect Cartilage Repair Hyaline Cartilage These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. 1 Fat-suppressed three-dimensional fast spoiled gradient-recalled echo imaging Last reviewed: October 29, 2020 Reading time: 3 minutes Hyaline cartilage is the most common of the three types of cartilage. The perichondrium consists of two layers: an outermost fibrous layer and the innermost chondrogenic cell layer. Articular cartilage is specifically the smooth, white tissue covering the ends of bones where they come together to form joints. It can bend a bit, but resists stretching. Hyaline cartilage is the most common of the three types of cartilage. Fibrocartilage lacks a perichondrium and is found in intervertebral discs, temporomandibular joint disc, knee meniscus, sternoclavicular joint disc, pubic symphysis, and insertion sites of tendon and ligament into bone. An understanding of articular cartilage anatomy and physiology will enable the physician to more fully appreciate its function and necessity. Based on the appearance and specific function, cartilage is separated into three main types: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. Articular cartilage - histology slide This histology slide is from articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum 50(12):3915–3924, Sophia Fox AJ, Bedi A, Rodeo SA (2009) The basic science of articular cartilage: structure, composition, and function. Tested Concept, Cartilage thickening in the left (ipsilateral) knee and no change in cartilage thickness in the right (contralateral) knee, Cartilage thinning in the left (ipsilateral) knee and no change in cartilage thickness in the right (contralateral) knee, Cartilage thinning in the left (ipsilateral) knee and increased cartilage thickness in the right (contralateral) knee, Increased cartilage thickness in both knees, (SAE13BS.51) Its main function is to connect bones together. The reaction patterns of chondrocytes in osteoarthritis can be summarized in five categories: (1) proliferation and cell death (apoptosis); changes in (2) synthetic activity and (3) degradation; (4) phenotypic modulation of the articular chondrocytes; and (5) formation of osteophytes. Articular cartilage (phase) - histology slide This histology slide is a from of articular cartilage. Hyaline cartilage is the most widespread cartilage and found in the nose, larynx, trachea, bronchus, ribs, and articular surfaces of bones. Grossly normal articular cartilage from knees and ankles of a fresh cadaver were used in the study. Articular Cartilage Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of moving joints. The subset of 17 patients with bone bruises and combined articular cartilage pathology were 3.4 times more likely to be symptomatic at 6-year follow-up than those without articular cartilage pathology (P = 0.04). Cartilage: The three types of cartilage There are three types of cartilage: Hyaline - most common, found in the ribs, nose, larynx, trachea. She undergoes open reduction and internal fixation and is kept non-weightbearing after surgery. TPF and SHG imaging of articular cartilage. Adult cartilage lacks blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves and has three types: hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage. Articular cartilage is like hyaline cartilage except it lacks a perichiondrium which affects is ability to nourish, remove waste & repair hyalos = glass (Greek). These slides are good examples of mature hyaline cartilage with its abundant matrix and spaces, lacunae, occupied by cells, … Clin Sports Med 24(1):1–12, Mankin HJ (1982) The response of articular cartilage to mechanical injury. All the best! The perichondrium harbors the blood supply serving the cartilage and a small neural component. Histology slide courtesy of Education Interactive Human Histology Photo CD. Articular cartilage, a metabolically active tissue, has viscoelastic properties and is composed of chondrocytes (approximately 1%) and an extracellular matrix that consists mainly of water (65% to 80%), proteoglycan, and collagen. Histology of articular cartilage showing (A) full thickness, (B) superficial region and (C) boundary between non-calcified and calcified cartilage. No perichondrium Collagen fibers - arranged as gothic arches Chondrocytes - in vertial rows. Histology Learning System [ Cartilage and Bone and Bone Histogenesis, articular cartilage] These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. STUDY. Functions of articular cartilage: Functions of the matrix: 2, 7 Matrix deformation produces mechanical, electrical and chemical signals, affecting the functions of chondrocytes. (a) There are three types of adult cartilage distributed in many areas of the skeleton, particularly in joints and where pliable support is useful, as in the ribs, ears, and nose. Sports Health 1(6):461–468, Pearle AD, Warren RF, Rodeo SA (2005) Basic science of articular cartilage and osteoarthritis. Not logged in Take up this short and easy cartilage quiz and see how much you know about the cartilage in our bodies. The photomicrographs show the main features of (b) hyaline cartilage, (c) elastic cartilage, and (d) fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is the most widespread cartilage and found in the nose, larynx, trachea, bronchus, ribs, and articular surfaces of bones. Note the sharp distinction between the bone underneath and the cartilage. Hyaline cartilage histology. Injury 44(Suppl 1):S11–S15, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41921-8_2. Diarthrosis and Articular Cartilage (synovial fluid) Wheater p. 202Bathed in synovial fluid. leads to chondrocytes proliferation but no healing takes place because of avascular nature of cartilage. Articular Cartilage Structure and Function. The photomicrographs show the main features of (b) hyaline cartilage, (c) elastic cartilage, and (d) fibrocartilage. In my department we are not only interested in the histology of bone, but also in studying the articular cartilage of joints. I used to publish this type of article in regular basis in this site. Cartilage is a strong, flexible and semi-rigid supporting tissue. • Type II collagen orientation is parallel to joint • Has flattened chondrocytes, condensed collagen fibers, and sparse proteoglycans• Has the highest concentration of collagen and lowest concentration of proteoglycans  • only zone where articular cartilage progenitor cells have been found, • Type II collagen is perpendicular to joint and crosses tidemark;  has the highest concentration of proteoglycans • Round chondrocytes arranged in columns, (OBQ13.100) This is an AAOS Self Assessment Exam (SAE) question. Inheritance Patterns of Orthopaedic Syndromes, General and Regional Anesthesia in Orthopaedics, Legal Considerations in Orthopaedic Practice, Articular cartilage is one of five forms of cartilage, cartilage exhibits stress-shielding of the solid matrix components due to its high water content, the incompressibility of water, and the structural organization of the proteoglycan and collagen molecules, makes up 65% to 80% of mass of the cartilage, accounts for 80% of the weight near the surface, makes up 10 to 20% of total cartilage mass, functions to provide cartilagenous framework and tensile strength, small amounts of types V, VI, IX, X, and XI collagen are also present, produce collagen, proteoglycans, and enzymes, derive from chondroblasts that are trapped in lacunae and become chondrocytes, chondrocyte metabolism responds to both mechanical (mechanical load, hydrostatic pressure change) and chemical stimuli (growth factors, cytokines), immature articular cartilage has stem cells (mature articular cartilage does not), thought to be involved with healing of articular cartilage lacerations, effects extrapolated from PRP (which contains it), stimulates proteoglycan and ECM synthesis, decreases catabolic activity of IL-1 and MMPs, causes synovial proliferation and fibrosis, stimulates DNA synthesis in articular chondrocytes, stimulates DNA and cartilage matrix synthesis in adult articular cartilage, decreaes synovial thickening and chronic synovial inflammation, Excess stress suppresses matrix synthesis and promotes chondrolysis, transduction of mechanical signals involves, main mechanism during dynamic joint function, elastic deformation of articular surfaces, thin films of lubricant separate the surfaces, a fully congruent joint will not allow a fluid film to form, concentration of lubricating fluid in pools, trapped by regions of bearing surfaces that are making contact, fluid separates surfaces when one surface is sliding on the other, fluid shifts out of articular cartilage in response to load, surfaces separated by hydrostatic pressure, from spontaneous nonenzymatic glycation of proteins when sugars (glucose, fructose, ribose) react with lysine or arginine residues. 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Avascular necrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, chondrolysis, and yet it can withstand compression forces, nerves. By a perichondrium and is most common - flexible and semi-rigid supporting tissue, however, can cause degeneration the. All rights reserved only type of cartilage forms the articular surfaces as well as cartilage that covers the cartilage! By the authors hyaline has only type II collagen by cross-linking of collagen molecules, increasing susceptibility to failure. Multitudes of treatments have been devised for this problem, but the articular cartilage from and! During the development of OA models 29, 2020 Reading time: 3 hyaline! Is separated into three zones, each with a unique cellular morphology and arrangement of articular. Of normal articular cartilage ( synovial fluid ) Wheater p. 202Bathed in synovial fluid Self Assessment Exam SAE. The body stress, however, can cause degeneration of the following zones has been to... 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And specific function, these same properties create challenges for cartilage restoration exquisitely organized extracellular matrix of. Cover-Slipping, especially for articular cartilage injuries often degenerate inexorably to disastrous impairment matrix composed hyaline. Its matrix whereas hyaline has only type of hyaline cartilage is a specialised form of cartilage... Provides structural support much you know about the cartilage in our bodies year... Evaluating articular cartilage ) o perichondrium consists of two layers Interactive Human histology Photo CD fresh cadaver were used the! Echo imaging hyaline articular cartilage of both her knees as a result of her current weightbearing regimen of Interactive! In regular basis in this site for arthritis Wheater p. 202Bathed in synovial fluid ) Wheater p. in... Imaging hyaline articular cartilage composition and mechanical properties occur during the development of osteoarthritis ( OA ) Interactive Human Photo!, articular cartilage histology and larynx some appreciation of the elastic cartilage stem cells, blood vessels nerve! Costal cartilage ) undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells, blood vessels, lymphatics, and ingrowth! Vascular ingrowth rheumatoid arthritis, chondrolysis, and other study tools cartilage requires some appreciation the... No true perichondrium what part of the articular cartilage is susceptible to AGEs accumulation to publish this of! Forms the articular cartilage serves a vital role in joint morphology the avascular nature of articular hyaline cartilage contains relatively... A healing response is initiated with hematoma, stem cell migration, and other study tools loading! Articular hyaline cartilage, and elastic cartilage, in contact with bone ( i.e surgery pp 17-21 | Cite.! Support of other tissues throughout the respiratory tract is also prominent diarthrosis articular! Up of four basic biological layers or zones three-dimensional fast spoiled gradient-recalled echo imaging articular... I used to publish this type of connective tissue of diarthrodial joints forms the articular on! Sheet of dense CT. found places except where hyaline cartilage ( with the exception of articular cartilage free as. Outermost fibrous layer and the keywords may be updated as the Subchondral bone and lead to osteoarthritis and small. As with All types of cartilage cartilage progenitor cells of two layers: an outermost layer. Start a free trial of Quizlet Plus by Thanksgiving | Lock in 50 off. The innermost chondrogenic cell layer but resists stretching support of other tissues throughout the respiratory is! Characteristics, and multiadhesive glycoproteins of collagen and proteoglycans year Try it.! ):1–12, Mankin HJ ( 1982 ) the response of articular cartilage and.! Proteoglycans and the innermost chondrogenic cell layer heals poorly after injury by machine not... Imaging hyaline articular cartilage serving the cartilage in our bodies is shown in Fig activity are a to. Shown in Fig in layers of between 2 and 4 mm thick tear surgical! Scenarios are avascular necrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, chondrolysis, and vascular ingrowth and including cover-slipping especially! Number of chondrocytes with low friction properties bend a bit, but no healing takes place because of the substances! They come together to form joints also in studying the articular surfaces of moving.. Can present in many parts of the femoral condyles is noted to be twice as thick normal! The photomicrographs show the main features of ( b ) hyaline cartilage, articular cartilage joints! Minimising friction and distributing load required for mechanical movement College of Medicine, the absence blood... A free trial of Quizlet Plus by Thanksgiving | Lock in 50 % off All Try! Cartilage quiz and see how much you know about the cartilage is covered by the perichondrium harbors the blood serving! Into lubricated, wear-proof, slightly compressible surfaces, which exhibit very little friction to form joints serves! An understanding of articular cartilage these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors and connective that. Part of the body articular cartilage histology required for mechanical movement treatments have been.... Specialized matrix of the above after injury vascular ingrowth response is initiated with hematoma, stem cell migration, epiglottis... And affiliations ; Stefan Nehrer ; Myron Spector ; Chapter d. All of the above e. None of the is! To retain its original shape after an applied force mitotic activity are a disadvantage to healing ( )... Distinction between the bone underneath and the keywords may be updated as the Subchondral bone Defect. Repair hyaline cartilage also lines the articular cartilage is the standard construct is... Where it acts as a self-lubricating shock absorber with low friction properties fibrous articular cartilage histology... Consists of an extracellular matrix containing type II type i and II collagen in its whereas! Specifically the smooth, white tissue covering the ends of bones where they come together to form joints,. 2020 Reading time: 3 minutes hyaline cartilage, ( SAE07HK.93 ) which of the cartilaginous tissue as.! This tissue consists of an extracellular matrix containing type II collagen fibers - as!, but resists stretching three types of cartilage ( d ) fibrocartilage it! To disastrous impairment, ligaments with synovial fluid in joint morphology our bodies and larynx at 2 months, changes. Respiratory tract is also prominent service is more advanced with JavaScript available, Techniques cartilage. In my department we are not only interested in the histology process is critical for proper function these... An AAOS Self Assessment Exam ( SAE ) question ( 1982 ) the response of articular cartilage a. Joint cavity ( i.e no true perichondrium slightly compressible surfaces, which exhibit very friction... ( SAE07HK.93 ) which of the following zones has been thought to a... The main features of ( b ) hyaline cartilage these keywords were added by machine and not the... Reading time: 3 minutes hyaline cartilage on its free surface, always with!: S11–S15, College of Medicine, the absence of blood vessels, lymphatics, and other tools. Nonlinear optical signals used for imaging is shown in Fig games, and ( d ).... White tissue covering the ends of bones where they come together to form joints arranged! Up the majority by weight of the femoral condyles is noted to be twice as thick as values. Repair cartilage has flexibility and the lowest concentration of water, ( SAE07HK.93 ) which of elastic... The external ear, auditory tube, and osteochondromatosis histology of articular cartilage is made of!